The high prevalence of iron deficiency among people with HF may be related to reduced dietary intake, attenuated absorption due to systemic inflammation and intestinal congestion, drug effects, blood loss or genetic disposition23,27,29, but dysregulated iron homeostasis with low TSAT and elevated sTfR levels has also been linked to increased norepinephrine levels32. This evidence concerns the gene TFRC and Iron deficiency anemia.