TEP1 and malaria: In the present study, ddH2O was used as the negative control to maintain the consistency of HD5 solvent and exclude the effect of injection with ddH2O. The results of this study using ddH2O as the control can reflect the effect of HD5 on the development of malaria parasites in mosquitoes, as well as on the expression of the key molecules of innate immune signaling pathways such as TEP1 and Toll, etc. It does not rule out the possibility that other adventitious factors such as a random sequence polypeptide have the same effect.