HOMA-IR (a measure of insulin resistance), insulin levels, glucose levels, HBA1c (a marker of long-term blood glucose control), C-Peptide (a marker of insulin production), triglyceride levels, and waist-to-hip ratio (a marker of central obesity) were higher in the IR+T2D group than the IS group, with a significant p-value of ≤0.001. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.