Inconsistent with our hypothesis that GEM would support anti-tumor immunity, we found that contrary to the minimal effects of GEM on T-lymphocyte numbers in circulation after a single dose or multiple doses [41,42,57], there were sustained significant reductions in cytotoxic CD8α+ and helper CD4+ T cells, as well as a reduction in DCs in the TME following GEM treatment (Figure 2). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and neoplasm.