HMGB1 and infarction: Immediately after its secretion by cells, HMGB1 migrates by diffusion to the peri-infarction region, where it activates specific TLR receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9) and RAGE, all of which induce neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages to release pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 [103,109,111].