GCG and cancer: Upregulated genes were associated with glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, carbon metabolism, MicroRNAs in cancer, the biosynthesis of amino acids, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, the biosynthesis of nucleotide sugars, starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, central carbon metabolism in cancer, the glucagon signaling pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the MAPK signaling pathway (Figure 2E).