TNF and Salmonella Infections: Epithelial cells are an important source of CCL28 (Lee et al., 2021; Ogawa et al., 2004), and its expression can be induced by stimulation of cultured airway or intestinal epithelial cells with the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1ɑ, IL-1β, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-ɑ, or following Salmonella infection of cultured HCA-7 colon carcinoma cells (Ogawa et al., 2004).