VEGFA and cancer: Activation of AMPK has been associated with numerous significant effects on cancer cell metabolism, including the suppression of cellular proliferation (Faubert et al., 2015) and the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Takemura et al., 2007).