TNF and Alzheimer disease: Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and interleukin-18 (IL-18), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) exhibit increased activity in AD patients relative to healthy individuals (55).