At a genome-wide significant level, three loci (ABCG2, SLC2A9, and CUX2) have been identified in association with renal urate overload, whereas four loci (ABCG2, SLC2A9, CUX2, and GCKR) have been linked to renal urate underexcretion.138,139 The main transporter genes are SLC22A12 (URAT1), SLC2A9 (GLUT9), and ABCG2 (BCRP).140(Table 2) It is increasingly recognized that disturbances in urate transport, both in the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys, are pivotal in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with hyperuricemia. This evidence concerns the gene SLC22A12 and hyperuricemia.