TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis: In the TGF-β (2 ng/mL) induced BNL CL.2 model, curcumin (20 μM) mitigated hepatic oxidative stress through autophagy activation by inhibiting TGF-β/Smad (Smad2 and Smad3) signaling transmission, inducing ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 2 (SMURF2), thereby alleviated hepatic fibrosis by increasing hepatic cell autophagy (37).