MAPK8 and Pallister-Hall syndrome: Theincreased ROS level in PHs also leads to a decrease in E-cad expression throughthe activated JNK signaling pathway and TF Srp[145].Ectopic expression of the FoxO TFs of the JNK pathwayin PHs causes their differentiation into plasmatocytes and crystal cells[100,145].Simultaneous FoxO activation and inactivation of thechromatin proteins Polyhomeotic proximal (Ph-p) and the Enhancer of polycomb(E(Pc)) causes PH differentiation into lamellocytes(Fig. 2,Table 1).Therefore, a moderately high butphysiologically controlled ROS level is necessary for PH maintenance.