Previous research on the TME in NSCLC has mostly concentrated on individual markers or cell types, such as Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1)/Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1)/Cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4) expression or CD8 T‐cell infiltration, despite the TME's crucial importance; nonetheless, these studies have shown considerable diversity and lack of consensus.9, 11, 12. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.