IL1B and colitis: ‘s data suggest that GSDMD uses selective autophagy components (including LC3+ vesicles) to mediate NEDD4-dependent sEV biosynthesis for IL-1β output, thereby supporting the interaction between autophagy and exosome biosynthesis (220), Regardless of the proposed mechanism, exosomes can alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice by controlling ubiquitin modification levels (17).