TGFB1 and colitis: OE-MSC-Exs can regulate cell proliferation, decrease the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IFN-γ, and increase the inhibitory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10, suggesting that OE-MSC-Exs may effectively alleviate the severity of experimental colitis by inhibiting effector T cells and enhancing regulatory T cells (192).