Research has shown that P. urinaria can effectively influence various signaling pathways implicated in tumorigenesis (Tang et al., 2013), such as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and ERK/JNK/MAPK pathways, to combat HCC (Saahene et al., 2021). Here, NFKB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.