Additionally, research has shown that P. urinaria extract can induce apoptosis in Lewis cells and combat lung cancer through the mitochondria-related intrinsic pathway, with upregulation of caspase 3 expression and downregulation of Bcl-2 expression, all while demonstrating minimal toxicity to normal cells (Huang et al., 2003). The gene discussed is CASP3; the disease is lung carcinoma.