BAX and myeloid leukemia: For example, it has been found that the aqueous extract of P. urinaria can induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells through the ceramide-related pathway, leading to upregulation of caspase 3 and BAX expression while downregulation of the expression of Bcl-2, Fas receptor, and Fas ligand genes, thus showing promise in treating human myelogenous leukemia (Huang et al., 2004a).