TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: In non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), inhibition of parkin-mediated mitophagy led to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria and increased production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α by macrophages, creating a positive feedback loop that further inhibited mitophagy and exacerbated hepatic steatosis and fibrosis (Jin et al., 2023).