CCR5 and neoplasm: The CCL5/CCR5 axis can directly promote tumor formation, development, invasion, and metastasis, or it can indirectly aid in forming an immunosuppressive microenvironment or promote angiogenesis, tumor metabolism, chemotherapy resistance, and so on, thereby playing a crucial role in promoting tumor growth.38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45