PTMA and breast carcinoma: Clinical studies demonstrated the safety and efficacy of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in combination with PD-1 inhibitors and radiotherapy (RT) in treating advanced solid tumors, including breast cancer.[8,9] Thymosin alpha-1 is used to enhance antigen presentation, activate the immune system,[10] and regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME), which may help improve efficiency without increasing toxicity.[11–13]