SMAD2 and cancer: The ALK5/p38 axis of TGFβ signaling phosphorylates and stabilizes the ΔNp63 protein, whereas activation of the SMAD2/3 axis induces the formation of the ΔNp63-p300 complex, leading to H3K27 acetylation and activation of transcription, promoting cancer cell stemness and invasiveness (Fig. 7).