,22,23,24 Although TNF is secreted by many cells, including in some cases tumor cells themselves, TNF produced by CD4+ T cells was shown to accelerate the growth of a PDAC cell line,24 and TNF produced by macrophages25 and neutrophils26 was shown to play a pro-tumorigenic role in an oncogene-driven PDAC mouse model. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.