Previous studies have indicated that antibiotics (mefloquine and amphotericin B) [19, 20], Chinese herbal medicines (crocin) [21], protease inhibitors (bortezomib and imatinib) [22,23], and immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs and anti-TIGIT drugs) [11,24,25] exhibit anti-echinococcosis effects in animal models. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is echinococcosis.