Microarray analyses performed on alveolar type II (ATII) epithelial cells showed upregulation of many antiviral factors after influenza infection, including canonical ISGs Mx1, IFIT3, ISG15, and RSAD2, that clustered within pathways such as antigen presentation, interferon signaling, immune cell recruitment, and communication between innate and adaptive immune cells [71]. This evidence concerns the gene ISG15 and influenza.