Additionally, elevatedAFP levels are observed in only 20% of HCC patients.5 Furthermore, it has been observed that cirrhotic or HCCpatients may exhibit abnormal AFP levels.67 Patients with liver cirrhosis have ahigher risk of developing HCC, as approximately 90% of HCC cases arelinked to long-standing cirrhosis.8 Theprogression of cirrhosis to HCC is often fatal due to the lack ofreliable biomarkers for early diagnosis during the later stages ofHCC development. Here, AFP is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.