IL4 and Ito hypomelanosis: Compared to controls, IPA patients tested using this method exhibited a median concentration of key T helper cell cytokines at least 7 times higher, including IL-17 and Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, demonstrating the method’s high discriminative capability (Lauruschkat et al., 2021).Therefore, future research will continue to explore the use of antigen-stimulated functional immune assays to enhance the ability to diagnose IPA from peripheral blood samples.