This unique interplay between AR, miRNA-185-5p, VEGF-C and HIF-2α/VEGF-A highlighted AR’s dual role in facilitating or inhibiting ccRCC metastasis.136 In addition, AR has been found to exert differential regulation on VEGF-A and VEGF-C in VHL wild-type ccRCC, depending on the oxygen conditions (normoxia vs hypoxia), thereby impacting the metastasis processes in distinct ways. Here, VHL is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.