HOTAIR and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: HOTAIR is a trans-acting lncRNA located on chromosome 12q13.13, with a regulatory boundary in the HOXC cluster.139 HOTAIR, along with other lncRNAs associated with the HOX locus, such as HOTAIRM1 and HOTTIP, plays significant roles in the development of ccRCC,140, –142 through various mechanisms.115,143, –145 The Hedgehog-GLI (HH-GLI) signalling pathway has been implicated in promoting cellular proliferation, differentiation, vascularization and stem cell maintenance.