Additionally, in fibroblast foci in lung epithelial cells, macrophages, and IPF lungs, as well as in experimental models of pulmonary fibrosis, there was an increase in 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) (26, 28). Here, PFKFB3 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.