Multivariate logistic regression analyses still revealed significant differences in pregestational BMI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 - 1.06; P = 0.012), previous GDM (aOR 9.97, 95% CI 3.92 - 25.37; P < 0.001), family history of DM (aOR 2.36, 95% CI 1.39 - 4.02; P = 0.001), MAP (aOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.07 - 1.27; P < 0.001), and PAPP-A level (aOR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83 - 1.00; P = 0.040) (Table 5). The gene discussed is PAPPA; the disease is gestational diabetes.