NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Glutamate has been shown in previous models of inflammation to improve intestinal barrier function, alleviate inflammation, and inhibit protein degradation via the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)/CRH receptor 1, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and nucleotide-binding oligo-structural domain protein (NOD)/NF-κB, as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways, which can exert a protective effect against IBD (56).