Only minimal improvements (solely supported by few studies) for IF, when compared to CR, were observed in subjects with overweight and obesity, including a reduction in waist circumference (Gu et al., 2022) and body fat, an improvement in insulin sensitivity (Ezzati et al., 2023), as well as a decrease in inflammatory cytokines accompanied by a reduction in HOMA-IR (Castela et al., 2022). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.