Furthermore, gene therapy (98), TAM therapy (99), and recombinant cytokines such as IL-10 (51), interferon transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (100), colony- stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) (62) have been used in GBM clinical trials and have shown some therapeutic potential in specific glioma populations. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and glioma.