For instance, exosomes containing lengthynoncoding small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) have been shown toalter the efficacy of trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer celllines resistant to trastuzumab treatment.59,60 Similarly, ovarian cancer patients exhibiting exosomal DNMT1 transcriptshave demonstrated resistance to cisplatin chemotherapy61 (Figure 4). Here, DNMT1 is linked to breast cancer.