APP and Alzheimer disease: AD can be categorized into two main types: familial (accounting for 1-5% of AD cases) and sporadic forms (over 95% of cases).76 Familial AD (FAD) is predominantly characterized by autosomal dominant genetic mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), and presenilin 2 (PS2) genes, typically manifesting between 30-65 years and progressing rapidly.