APP and Alzheimer disease: In certain instances, autophagosomes could first merge with endosomes to form amphisomes, which then fuse with lysosomes.222,224,227–229 However, the abundant accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in swollen (malnourished) neurons is observed to have a linkage with Aβ/APP-βCTF, suggesting that autophagy clearance is severely disrupted under pathological conditions and is closely linked to amyloid pathology.115,225,230 This makes autophagy a focal point in recent AD pathogenesis research.