Third, clinically diagnosed alcoholism, smoking, and obesity ascertained through ICD-10 codes may be specific, but not sensitive, and we lacked information on lifestyle habits; people living in institutions; cognitive data at baseline; and potential mediators and modifiers such as urinary tract infections, blood lipids, APOE genotype, or homocysteine concentration,48 all of which could affect our findings and should be evaluated in future studies. Here, APOE is linked to alcohol dependence.