IFNA1 and infection: Based on these findings, we estimated that significant induction of IFNs, except IFNB and ISGs including MX1, IFIT1, RSAD2, and USP18, occurred in the NP of mild-CoV2 + patients, and that IFN-related innate immune responses were activated in the NP of severe-CoV2 + patients at the onset of infection.