It was evident that the combined detection model significantly improved the area under the ROC curve compared to the individual factor detection, resulting in a substantial enhancement of sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of LN in SLE patients (serum CXCL9 [sensitivity 83.82%, specificity 61.96%, Figure 3A], serum CXCL10 [sensitivity 76.47%, specificity 68.48%, Figure 3B], serum CXCL11 [sensitivity 79.41%, specificity 75%, Figure 3C], combined [sensitivity 86.76%, specificity 83.7%, Figure 3D]). Here, CXCL11 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.