Using RUNX2 and osterix as markers for the osteoblast lineage and cathepsin K as a marker for osteoclasts, we found that T2D PDLs exhibited a reduction in the number of osteogenic cells (Figure 2, O–R) and an increase in the number of osteoclasts (Figure 2, S and T). The gene discussed is RUNX2; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.