CST3 and chronic kidney disease: In chronic kidney disease (CKD), Ali et al. (2018) demonstrated that curcumin improved renal function by reducing plasma levels of cystatin C, sclerostin, and adiponectin, while enhancing renal antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and catalase (CAT) (Ali et al., 2018).