In terms of anti-inflammatory actions, it reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), which are significantly elevated in type 2 diabetes (Pivari et al., 2019). Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.