demonstrated that TAM-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulates ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1) expression by repressing miR-520d that targets the 3′-UTR of UHRF1 mRNA, while UHRF1 induces DNA hypomethylation of the CSF1 promoter and promotes CSF1 expression, thereby leading to TAM recruitment and activation which sustains PGE2 production in a self-enhancing oncogenic microenvironment to improve HCC progression (59). This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.