In the TME, TAMs and tumor cells interact through mediators such as TGF-β, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), M-CSF, IL-10, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) to affect tumor progression (47). Here, CSF1 is linked to neoplasm.