Several clinical trials tested whether treatment with αGalCer alone, αGalCer pulsed CD1d+ APC, or other CD1d+ cell types (monocyte derived DC (moDC), mature DC, immature DC rich APCs) would activate and expand iNKT cells in vivo in patients in a variety of cancer types (reviewed in (55, 70, 71)). This evidence concerns the gene CD1D and cancer.