IL6 and infection: As shown in Figure 2A, MAP infection induces the upregulation of IL-6 released by macrophages when measured after 24 hr and 48 hr of infection (2.8 ± 0.72 pg/mL and 2.5 ± 0.67 pg/mL, respectively) compared to untreated controls (0.25 ± 0.06 pg/mL).