The latest study, which involved 32,427 participants, including 59% females, 14% non-Hispanic black individuals, and 86% non-Hispanic white individuals, revealed that APOE ε4-related increased AD risk in females is not altered by race; however, APOE ε2-mediated protective effect appeared to be more evident in female white individuals and male black individuals (Walters et al., 2023). Here, APOE is linked to Alzheimer disease.