APOE3-R145C/APOE4 carriers have a similar level of AD risk with APOE ε4/ε4 carriers among the African-ancestry populations; however, no increased AD risk was observed among individuals with APOE ε3/ε3 having the R145C mutation, suggesting that the APOE3-R145C mutation may alter certain function of ε3 that heightens the vulnerability of a brain that already has a predisposed high risk conferred by ApoE4 for AD (Le Guen et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene APOE and Alzheimer disease.