Chimeric MS ex-vivo model obtained by incubating CSF or T-cells derived from MS patients on healthy brain slices, provided further evidence that proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β and TNF, are major players of inflammatory synaptopathy in MS (Rossi et al., 2012a,b; Mandolesi et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and myeloid sarcoma.