PFKFB3 and breast carcinoma: In our study, we observed an overall HIF-1- and AMPK-mediated activation of glycolytic and oxidative metabolic systems in perivascular cells of EcE (Fig. 2B, C, Table 1), although we also identified downregulated activators of glycolysis, PFKFB3 and PFKFB4, and upregulated inhibitor of oxidative metabolism, PDK1. Interestingly, we found an activation of BRCA1 in perivascular cells of EcE, which was previously reported to inhibit glycolysis and induce oxidative metabolism in human breast cancer cell line47.