PAX5 and major depressive disorder: In these modules, several other MDD-associated genes had a significant pleiotropic influence, such as ETFDH, PAX5, ZDHHC5, DENND1B, PLCG1, MICB, STK19, CDK14, EP300, ERBB4, RERE, BAG5, CNTNAP5, LRP1B, NRG1, POGZ, and XRCC3. These findings could provide insights into the complex time- and comorbidity-dependent courses of MDD, which may guide the development of novel long-term therapeutic and pharmaceutical approaches.