DPP4 and prostate carcinoma: Exclusion criteria were defined as follows: patients without any medical record before cohort entry; patients who had been treated with both SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors; patients with a history of prostate cancer; patients with total prostate specific antigen (PSA) > 10 ng/mL prior to enrollment; patients with less than 1 day of follow-up.