TNF and pulmonary tuberculosis: Zhang et al.37reported the same reduction when they pre-treated human monocytes with 1.25(OH)-vitamin D and 25(OH)-vitamin D. Harishankar et al.38reported an inhibition effect on cytokines IL-1α, TNF, LT-α, IL-17 and IL-23 mediated by 1.25(OH)-vitamin D in the presence of MTB antigens in peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture of healthy controls and patients with pulmonary TB.