CRP and chronic kidney disease: The results showed that probiotic/synbiotic significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (standardized mean difference (SMD), −0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.41, −0.04; p = 0.02, I2 = 10%) and lowered c-reactive protein level (CRP) (SMD: −0.34; 95% CI: −0.62, −0.07; p = 0.01, I2 = 37%) in CKD patients, compared with the control group.