Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a critical member of PRRs, playing a key role in the innate immune response, and has been found to be significantly upregulated on the surface of KCs in MASH mice (Kesar and Odin, 2014; Sharifnia et al., 2015). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.