By blocking programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, PD-L1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, PD-L1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, PD-L1 and PD-L1, NSCLC patients have been treated with a new preoperative adjuvant immunotherapy. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.