Achieving this may spare immune cells and regional lymphatics participating in primary anti-tumor immunization from excessive stress or death that ensues from parallel chemotherapy or ionizing radiotherapy approaches that have traditionally been seen as “ideal” to potentiate a tumor vaccine response or an augmented cytotoxic T-cell response using antibodies to key co-inhibitory targets (e.g., anti-PD1 or anti-CTLA4) (50–52). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is neoplasm.